The Silkyara Tunnel Scandal: Money, Politics, and a Deadly Collapse

The rescue of 41 workers trapped in the Silkyara tunnel for 17 harrowing days captured global attention in November 2023. But behind the heroic rescue operation lies a troubling story of electoral bonds, IT raids, and questionable corporate-political nexus that deserves scrutiny.

The Project That Went Wrong

The Silkyara-Barkot tunnel, a 4.85-kilometer stretch on National Highway 134, was meant to be a crown jewel of the Modi government's ambitious Char Dham all-weather accessibility project. Instead, it became a symbol of everything wrong with India's infrastructure development process.

On November 12, 2023, at 5:30 AM, a section of the under-construction tunnel collapsed, trapping 41 workers inside. What followed was a complex 17-day rescue operation involving international experts, highlighting serious safety failures in the project's execution.

The Company Behind the Tunnel

The tunnel project was awarded to Hyderabad-based Navayuga Engineering Company Ltd (NEC) on May 31, 2018, through an Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract by the National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (NHIDCL).

NEC isn't a small player—as of December 2021, the company boasted an order book worth ₹22,651.58 crores, making it a significant contractor in India's infrastructure sector.

A Suspicious Timeline

Here's where the story gets interesting. The sequence of events reveals a pattern that raises serious questions about the relationship between corporate donations and government contracts:

May 31, 2018: NHIDCL awards the Silkyara tunnel project to Navayuga Engineering

October 26, 2018: Just five months after winning the contract, NEC faces Income Tax raids by central authorities

April 18, 2019: Six months after the IT raids, NEC purchases its first tranche of electoral bonds worth ₹30 crores—buying 30 individual bonds of ₹1 crore denomination each

October 10, 2022: NEC purchases another ₹10 crore worth of electoral bonds

November 12, 2023: The tunnel collapses, trapping 41 workers

The ₹55 Crore Question

In total, Navayuga Engineering purchased electoral bonds worth ₹55 crores, with the entire amount donated to the BJP according to Election Commission data. This substantial sum raises critical questions:

• Was the ₹30 crore donation in April 2019 a response to the IT raid pressure six months earlier?
• Did these donations influence the company's ability to secure more government contracts?
• How did a company under IT scrutiny continue to receive major infrastructure projects?

The Aftermath: Justice Delayed?

Despite the tunnel collapse that endangered 41 lives and exposed serious safety failures, no FIR has been lodged against Navayuga Engineering Company. The workers were eventually rescued after a marathon 17-day operation, but questions about accountability remain unanswered.

The incident highlights systemic issues in India's infrastructure development:

• Lack of proper safety protocols during construction
• Insufficient oversight of major contractors
• The potential influence of political donations on contract awards and regulatory action

The Bigger Picture

The Silkyara tunnel case isn't just about one project or one company. It's a window into how India's electoral bond system—now struck down by the Supreme Court—potentially allowed corporations to influence policy and escape accountability through strategic political donations.

The timeline suggests a troubling pattern: face regulatory action, donate to the ruling party, continue business as usual. Even when projects fail catastrophically, the lack of criminal proceedings raises questions about whether political donations provide a shield from consequences.

What This Means for India's Infrastructure

As India pushes ahead with massive infrastructure projects under initiatives like Gati Shakti and Char Dham connectivity, the Silkyara case offers sobering lessons:

1. Transparency in contract awards: The process needs stronger oversight and public scrutiny
2. Accountability for failures: Companies responsible for safety lapses must face consequences
3. Political funding reform: The electoral bond system's opacity enabled potential quid pro quo arrangements

The 41 workers who spent 17 days trapped underground were eventually rescued, thanks to the heroic efforts of rescue teams. But the deeper questions about corporate accountability, political influence, and infrastructure safety remain buried beneath layers of bureaucratic silence.

Until we address these systemic issues, more Silkyara-like disasters may be inevitable—with workers paying the price for a system that prioritizes political donations over safety and accountability.

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The Supreme Court's decision to strike down the electoral bond scheme in February 2024 came too late to prevent cases like Silkyara, but it offers hope for greater transparency in political funding going forward.

Himalayas Crying: What Dharali and Silkyara Tell Us About Our Mountain Madness

The Himalayas Are Crying

What Dharali and Silkyara Tell Us About Our Mountain Madness

Why our rush to "develop" the mountains is literally bringing them down on our heads

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Remember Silkyara? Now Meet Dharali

In 2023 November, 41 workers were trapped for 17 days in the collapsed Silkyara tunnel in Uttarkashi. The world watched as rescue teams fought to save them. We called it a "miracle" when they emerged alive. But what if it wasn't an accident at all?

Fast forward to the recent incident at Dharali, a small village just 25 kilometers from the famous Gangotri temple. Another landslide. More lives disrupted. Another "natural disaster"—or so the headlines claimed.

But here's what the headlines didn't tell you: Both Silkyara and Dharali sit along the same massive construction project that's literally reshaping the Himalayas. And both disasters have the same father—our obsession with cutting through mountains as if they were made of butter, not billion-year-old rock.

The Char Dham Project: A Highway to Disaster?

Picture this: You decide to widen your street by cutting into your neighbor's house foundation. What happens? The house becomes unstable and eventually collapses. Now imagine doing this not to one house, but to an entire mountain range that's already sitting in an earthquake zone.

That's essentially what the Char Dham Highway Project is doing. This ₹12,000 crore project aims to widen 900 kilometers of mountain roads to connect four holy sites: Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath, and Badrinath. Noble goal, right? Better roads for pilgrims, easier access to remote areas, economic development.

But here's the catch: to build these roads, contractors are slicing through hillsides at dangerously steep angles—sometimes 80 degrees, which is almost vertical. International safety standards say never go beyond 45 degrees. It's like trying to lean a heavy bookshelf against a wall at 80 degrees and expecting it to stay put.

The Numbers Don't Lie

A recent study looked at 811 landslides along 800 kilometers of Char Dham routes. The shocking finding? 81% of these landslides happened within 100 meters of road construction.

Let that sink in. Four out of five landslides occurred right next to where they were building roads. This isn't bad luck—it's bad planning.

Dharali sits just 0-5 kilometers from this construction zone. The village is basically living next door to a geological time bomb that we created.

From Silkyara to Dharali: A Pattern Emerges

The Silkyara tunnel collapse and Dharali landslides aren't isolated incidents. They're part of a dangerous pattern:

Silkyara Tunnel (November 2023):

• Part of the Char Dham project
• Collapsed during construction, trapping 41 workers
• Built through unstable geological zones without adequate safety measures

Dharali Landslides (Ongoing):

• Village sits along Char Dham highway route
• Repeated landslides since construction began
• Area identified as one of 60 landslide-prone zones in Uttarkashi district

Both locations share the same problem: aggressive construction in one of the world's most unstable mountain ranges, where even a small disturbance can trigger catastrophic failures.

Why Mountains Don't Like Being Cut

Think of a hillside like a house of cards. Each rock, each tree root, each grain of soil plays a role in keeping everything stable. When you remove trees (which act like natural glue holding soil together), blast through rocks, and cut steep slopes, you're pulling out cards from the bottom of the pile.

Add monsoon rains—which can dump 80mm of water in 24 hours—and you've created a perfect recipe for disaster. The water flows down these unnatural steep cuts, washing away soil and lubricating potential slide zones.

In Uttarkashi district alone, there are now 60 landslide-prone zones along the pilgrimage routes. Thirteen of these are classified as "highly sensitive." That's not natural—that's human-made vulnerability.

The Swiss Don't Have This Problem

Switzerland has been building mountain roads for over a century. Norway tunnels through mountains routinely. Japan constructs highways in earthquake zones. None of them face the scale of landslide problems we're seeing in Uttarakhand.

Why? They follow basic rules:

• Never cut slopes steeper than 45 degrees
• Install proper drainage systems
• Replant vegetation immediately
• Monitor slopes continuously

These aren't rocket science techniques. They're Construction 101 for mountain areas. But following them costs 15% more upfront—money that's apparently too precious to spend on human lives.

The Real Cost of Cheap Construction

Here's the cruel irony: India spends over ₹500 crores every year cleaning up landslides and repairing damaged roads. That's money spent on fixing problems that could have been prevented with proper construction techniques costing just 15% more initially.

It's like buying the cheapest umbrella available, then spending five times more replacing it every time it breaks in the rain. Except in this case, when our "umbrella" breaks, people die.

Beyond Roads: The Bigger Picture

The Char Dham highway isn't the only culprit. The region is also seeing:

• Char Dham Railway Project: More tunneling and blasting
• Hydroelectric projects: Dams and diversions affecting river systems
• Tourism boom: Unregulated hotel construction on unstable slopes

It's like performing surgery with multiple doctors operating simultaneously without coordinating. Each project alone might be manageable, but together they're overwhelming the mountains' ability to cope.

What Dharali and Silkyara Teach Us

These disasters are sending us a clear message: the Himalayas have limits. Push too hard, too fast, and they push back—with landslides, tunnel collapses, and floods.

This doesn't mean we should stop all development. It means we need to develop intelligently:

Immediate fixes:

• Stop all construction with slopes steeper than 45 degrees
• Install proper drainage systems on existing roads
• Plant vegetation on all cut slopes immediately
• Create real-time monitoring systems

Long-term solutions:

• Learn from international best practices
• Invest in alternative transportation (cable cars, better rail links)
• Make geological safety mandatory, not optional
• Include local communities in planning

The Choice Is Ours

Dharali didn't choose to become a landslide hotspot. The 41 workers in Silkyara didn't sign up to be buried alive. These are consequences of our choices—choices made in Delhi boardrooms and state secretariat buildings by people who'll never live with the consequences.

We can continue this path, creating scenic highways that become graveyards. Or we can choose to build infrastructure that works with the mountains, not against them.

The mountains have been here for millions of years. They'll outlast our highways, our tunnels, and our ambitions. The question is: will we learn to respect them before they teach us respect the hard way?

Every landslide is a lesson. Every tunnel collapse is a warning. Dharali and Silkyara are speaking to us. The question is: are we listening?

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Related Articles:

• "Big landslide rise on Char Dham route, unscientific hill cuts to blame: Study" - Times of India, 2025
• "Uttarakhand tunnel: Why its collapse is starting a wake-up call" - BBC, November 2023
• "Char Dham project 75% complete, benefits and concerns" - article by Sriram IAS  on his website
• "Locals protest BRO's green nod for Char Dham road widening project" - Hindustan Times
• "New landslide zones activated on Char Dham road: Experts" - Hindustan Times

India's Conscience: When Caregivers Become Criminals

Preface: A Journey of Hope Turned to Heartache

The recent arrest of two Catholic nuns in Chhattisgarh on charges of human trafficking and forced religious conversion has sent shockwaves through communities dedicated to compassion and service. This isn't just a legal case; it's a deeply human story where a mission of care, trust, and opportunity was tragically twisted into a tale of alleged crime. Crucially, a first-hand account from Kamleshwari Pradhan, one of the young women traveling with the nuns, offers a stark contrast to the official narrative. Here's the video in Hindi: 

Her testimony reveals a consensual journey, driven by the simple hope of employment, and challenges the very foundation of the accusations. It forces us to look beyond headlines and consider the real people caught in a web of suspicion and injustice.

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1. Helping Hands Accused: The Durg Incident

On July 25, 2025, Sister Preeti Mary (45) and Sister Vandana Francis (50), two Catholic nuns, were detained at Durg railway station in Chhattisgarh. They were traveling with a youth, Sukaman Mandavi (19), and three tribal girls. Their journey was meant to lead to a new opportunity: cooking jobs for the girls, offering a monthly salary of ₹10,000, along with food, clothes, and accommodation. The nuns, belonging to the Assisi Sisters of Mary Immaculate, are part of an order widely respected for its extensive work in palliative care and social service, including programs that create employment. Yet, despite their mission of service, they were arrested and charged with human trafficking and forced religious conversion. This incident immediately raises a profound question: how can acts of assistance be so easily reframed as criminal acts?

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2. A Trust Betrayed: The Human Story Behind the Charges

The accusations against the nuns crumble when faced with the human truth from those directly involved. Kamleshwari Pradhan, one of the young women, speaks plainly: the nuns weren't "taking" them anywhere forcibly. They were simply helping the girls, who had never traveled outside Narayanpur before, reach a legitimate work opportunity safely. "We said that sir, brother, we have never been there before, so please drop us off there," she recounted, highlighting the consensual and trusting nature of their journey.

Kamleshwari’s testimony exposes a disturbing undercurrent of coercion during the incident. She bravely shared how Jyoti Sharma, an individual reportedly linked to the Bajrang Dal, threatened another girl, allegedly saying, "if you don't speak, I will beat your brother" and "I will beat him and put him in jail." This chilling account reveals how fear can be used to extract false statements, leaving individuals distressed and manipulated, as Kamleshwari described the girl crying and admitting, "I was made to lie." The religious conversion charge also falls apart: Kamleshwari's family had embraced Christianity years earlier, making any accusation of forced conversion during this trip entirely baseless. This isn't a story of forceful conversion or trafficking, but of a journey of hope distorted by external pressures.

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3. When Compassion Becomes Dangerous: A Wider Shadow

This isn't an isolated incident; it's a painful reflection of a growing trend where acts of compassion, especially from minority communities, are viewed with suspicion and hostility. Across India, there's a disturbing pattern of service-oriented individuals and organizations facing baseless accusations and harassment. We've seen the tragic fate of Father Stan Swamy, an 84-year-old Jesuit priest dedicated to tribal rights, who died in custody after being arrested on contentious charges. The devastating violence in Manipur, beginning in May 2023, where over 200 people lost their lives and 60,000 were displaced, with hundreds of churches reportedly destroyed, serves as a stark reminder of the extreme vulnerabilities faced by minority communities.

Statistics echo this alarming reality: organizations like the United Christian Forum (UCF) reported 834 incidents against Christians in 2024 alone, a significant increase from previous years. These numbers aren't just figures; they represent lives disrupted, trust broken, and communities living in fear. The Durg incident fits into this broader narrative, where a climate of intolerance appears to allow mob behavior and accusations to take precedence over genuine justice and human dignity.

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4. Our Shared Humanity: Challenging Divisive Narratives

This situation compels us to reflect on our shared humanity and the values that truly define India. A narrow mindset, often fueled by certain narratives, seeks to divide us based on religion, creating an "us vs. them" mentality that undermines the very fabric of our diverse society. This divisive approach encourages suspicion and distrust, often turning neighbor against neighbor. It’s a tragic irony when a nation that boasts about its global influence, with Indian-origin leaders making waves worldwide, struggles with ensuring basic dignity and safety for its own minorities at home.

However, India’s strength has always been its rich tapestry of cultures and faiths. We see countless examples of interfaith cooperation and solidarity every day, reminding us that harmony is deeply embedded in the Indian spirit. These acts of everyday kindness and shared community often go uncelebrated, but they are the true testament to our pluralistic identity, far removed from the aggressive, divisive agendas that seek to create fear and discord.

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5. A Call for India's Conscience: Choosing Our Future

What kind of India do we want to build for our children? One where those offering help are jailed, or one where compassion is celebrated? One where fear dictates our interactions, or one where mutual respect prevails? This moment demands we look inward and choose the path forward. It's about ensuring that our national aspirations for global leadership are matched by our commitment to justice and human dignity within our own borders.

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Conclusion: Upholding Our Constitutional Promise

The Durg incident, alongside a disturbing pattern of events across India, highlights an urgent need to reaffirm our nation's foundational commitment to justice, pluralism, and fundamental rights.

• Baseless Charges & Due Process: The charges of human trafficking and religious conversion against the nuns are baseless, directly contradicted by the consensual nature of the journey and clear evidence of alleged coercion during the investigation. This points to a severe breakdown of due process and the impartial application of law.

• Systemic Vulnerability: The escalating attacks on minorities, as seen in Manipur and the case of Fr. Stan Swamy, indicate a systemic vulnerability for minority communities and a concerning erosion of state protection, directly challenging the principles of equality and security for all citizens.

• Constitutional Values Under Threat: The increasing religious polarization and the rise of mob behavior undermine Article 25 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees freedom of conscience and the right to practice and propagate religion. It also strains the secular fabric of our nation, impacting fundamental constitutional rights and the rule of law.

This is not merely a legal or political debate; it is a moral imperative. As a nation built on diversity, our strength lies in upholding the principles of equality and freedom for every individual, irrespective of their faith.

What You Can Do:

• Demand Accountability: Reach out to your elected representatives at both state and central levels to voice your concerns. Demand transparency and accountability in such cases, emphasizing the need for swift and impartial justice.

• Support Rights Defenders: Support organizations like the United Christian Forum (UCF) and other human rights groups that provide crucial legal and humanitarian aid to victims of religious persecution. Your support helps ensure that those unjustly targeted have access to justice and legal defense.

• Promote Dialogue: Engage actively in your communities to foster understanding and counter divisive narratives. Advocate for constitutional values, pluralism, and shared humanity, helping to build bridges rather than walls between communities.

It is imperative that we, as Indians, stand together to protect vulnerable communities, ensure due process, and champion the rule of law, thereby preserving the true spirit of our democratic republic and ensuring our journey towards a truly just and developed India.

The Viking-Christian Dialogue: Ancient Wisdom in Modern Context

In the hit series "Vikings", the first encounter between Ragnar Lothbrok and the monk Athelstan in the series "Vikings" crystallizes a profound cultural and philosophical collision that would shape European history. In this dramatic moment, two worldviews meet: one centered on power, immediate reality, and plural gods; the other on faith, written word, and monotheism. When Ragnar discovers Athelstan attempting to save a Gospel book amidst a monastery raid, the scene encapsulates fundamental questions about faith, knowledge, and what humans choose to value. The monk's dedication to preserving sacred texts rather than material treasures puzzles the Vikings, highlighting how differently these cultures understood worth, wisdom, and the divine.

This historical moment of first contact between Norse and Christian worldviews serves as a powerful lens through which to examine enduring questions that still resonate today: How do we determine value? What deserves protection? How do different cultures understand the sacred? What role does the written word play in preserving wisdom? These questions, first dramatized in such encounters, continue to shape contemporary discussions about faith, materialism, and cultural understanding.

The relationship dynamic of Ragnar Lothbrok and Athelstan in this series bring out enduring tensions between fate and free will, violence and peace, and competing views of sexuality and purpose. While Norse culture emphasized courage in facing destiny and valued heroic combat, Catholic teaching developed systematic approaches to war, sexuality, and community that offer surprising relevance to modern challenges. This dialogue between traditions provides fresh perspectives on contemporary issues from hedonism to individualism.

Historical Context and Modern Parallels

The relationship between Ragnar and Athelstan serves as more than historical drama – it represents an eternal dialogue between different approaches to life's fundamental questions. Their interaction moves beyond simple conflict to mutual understanding, mirroring how modern societies might approach ideological differences.

The Viking age occurred during a crucial period of European Christianization, creating unique syntheses of beliefs and practices. Today's post-secular society faces similar challenges of integrating different worldviews and finding common ground between seemingly opposing philosophies.

Core Philosophical Contrasts

Destiny and Free Will

The Norse concept of Wyrd (fate) emphasized accepting and courageously facing one's destiny. This fatalistic approach finds echoes in modern deterministic philosophies and materialist worldviews. In contrast, Catholic thought developed a sophisticated understanding of free will working in harmony with divine providence – offering a middle path between pure determinism and radical autonomy that many seek today.

Approaches to Violence and Peace

Norse culture's view of heroic combat as potentially sacred seems alien to modern sensibilities. Yet their understanding of violence as sometimes necessary but always serious carries wisdom. Catholic just war theory developed this insight systematically, creating ethical frameworks still relevant for military ethics and conflict resolution:

• War must be a last resort after all peaceful options are exhausted
• Protection of innocent life takes precedence
• The ultimate goal must be establishing peace, not conquest
• Force must be proportional to the threat

Sexual Ethics and Modern Hedonism

Both traditions offer sophisticated responses to contemporary sexual ethics and relationship challenges.

The Norse Perspective

• Pragmatic approach to sexuality while valuing family bonds
• Marriage as social institution supporting community stability
• Understanding of consequences in pleasure-seeking (reflected in their mythology)

Catholic Sexual Ethics

• Sexuality as sacred, oriented toward total self-gift in marriage
• Celibacy as positive choice for spiritual fruitfulness
• Marriage as permanent, faithful, and open to life
• Chastity as freedom rather than repression

This systematic Catholic approach offers particular relevance to modern challenges:

• Integration of physical and spiritual dimensions of human sexuality
• Focus on lasting joy over temporary pleasure
• Understanding sacrifice as meaningful rather than mere deprivation
• Vision of love transcending pure physical attraction

Community vs. Individualism

Modern society struggles with extreme individualism. Both traditions offer correctives:

Norse Wisdom

• Emphasis on clan loyalty and community bonds
• Understanding of individual honor within community context
• Recognition of mutual obligations

Catholic Social Teaching

• Balance between individual dignity and common good
• Principle of subsidiarity in social organization
• Framework for social responsibility and solidarity

Finding Meaning in Modern Life

Perhaps most relevantly, both traditions offer wisdom about finding purpose in an often seemingly meaningless world:

Norse Contributions

• Courage in facing mortality and uncertainty
• Finding meaning in duty and honor
• Appreciation for life's dramatic nature

Catholic Synthesis

• Integration of suffering into larger narrative
• Purpose beyond material success
• Hope while acknowledging life's struggles
• Balance of justice and mercy

Conclusion

The dialogue between Norse and Christian traditions, dramatically portrayed in "Vikings," offers rich resources for addressing modern challenges. While these worldviews often appeared in conflict, their interaction produced enduring wisdom about human nature, community, and purpose. The Catholic synthesis particularly offers systematic responses to contemporary issues while maintaining deep respect for human dignity and freedom. In our own era of competing worldviews and searching for meaning, this ancient dialogue provides surprising relevance and guidance.

This heritage suggests several key insights for modern people:

1. The importance of integrating physical and spiritual aspects of life
2. Finding meaning beyond pure materialism
3. Balancing individual rights with community good
4. Understanding sacrifice as potentially meaningful
5. Seeing how apparent opposites can be reconciled

In an age of increasing polarization, the example of Ragnar and Athelstan's relationship reminds us that wisdom can be found in unlikely places and that seemingly opposing viewpoints might contain complementary truths. Their story suggests that authentic dialogue between different worldviews, while challenging, can produce profound insights for addressing perennial human questions.

Saint Francis Xavier and the Goa Inquisition

This is a response to hindutva propagandists who have been spreading lies about St. Francis Xavier claiming he could not convert Konkani brahmins through his preaching so he resorted to forcibly torturing them to get them to convert to Christianity using the Goa Inquisition. The main source cited by these propagandists is a letter from Francis Xavier to king John III of Portugal, but before I get into the letter, I want to lay some context for the unacquainted reader:

1. Christianity is a 2000 year old missionary religion. Jesus taught his disciples to "go into the whole world and proclaim the good news to all creation" [Mark 16:15] and "Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" [Matthew 28:19]. From the very beginning the Gospel or Good news has been proclaimed inviting repentance and conversion with baptism.
2. For the first 15 centuries, Christians were mostly united and there was no need to clarify the Church which Jesus Christ founded, but that changed with the reformation by Martin Luther. The word Catholic means Universal and become a way to denote those who remained with the Apostolic Church after the protestant reformation in 1500s. But the first recorded usage of the word Catholic dates back to the first century A.D in a letter by Bishop of Antioch to the Smyrnaens (people of Smyrna). Both Antioch and Smyrna are located in modern day Turkey.
3. St. Francis Xavier was Spanish, and worked as a missionary in Goa, a Portuguese province. Among Spain and Portugal, the concept of Inquisition originated during the Muslim occupation of Iberian peninsula after the conquest of Tariq ibn Ziyad, who defeated the Visigothic king Roderic in the battle of Guadalete in 711 AD and they remained in Spain for centuries, finally driven out in 1492. There is a tremendous amount of history here which I would argue is more enjoyable than movies and shows on Netflix and other streaming platforms or in theatres. For more information on the historic events during this period, including the birth of Portugal, research the Spanish Reconquista on history channels and source materials of the same. More on the Inquisition in point 7.
4. Spain + Portugal = Iberia. Portugal did not exist for a thousand years of Christian history. The peninsula was called Iberia in ancient times. During the Christian era it comprised of different kingdoms (Castille, Aragon and Navarre) later united into Spain. In 1143, Portugal  (blue region in map) was formed out of the Western part of then Spain. Both Spain and Portugal developed maritime technology - ships and navigation with a desire to reach the hitherto unknown parts of the world and spread Christianity there.
   
5. Catholic today = traditional Christian. In the english speaking Western world - USA, UK, most churches belong to Bible based offshoot movement of Christianity which has given birth to thousands of denominations. Historically Luther was the fountainhead of the reformation which began the splitting of Christianity into thousands of denominations. The countries we focus on here - Spain and Portugal remained with the historical Church from the time of Jesus Christ, called the Catholic Church. The reason this is important is because from an Indian context, the most influential country is the UK and the British monarchy through the East India Company ruled the Indian subcontinent from the battle of Plassey 1757 to 1947 - roughly 190 years. The city of Bangalore where I live for example was a key British centre and so were cities like Kolkata, Chennai and Mumbai. The British also built the large network of rail routes across the country to effectively transport goods/people mainly for economic gain. The British royal family today are successors of king Henry VIII who severed ties with the Catholic church so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. The Pope (head of the Catholic Church) denied his request for annulment of his first wife, Queen Catherine of Aragon. Henry VIII founded the Anglican church in 1534.
6. In Indian context, Portugal is important because they occupied Goa. More about how and why later. Spain and Portugal both pioneered discovery of distant lands and they had an agreement dividing the world into kingdoms which the Spanish and Portuguese would explore, conquer and colonise. The Spanish crown sent Hernan Cortez and Christopher Columbus thereby claiming Latin America and the Portuguese later brought parts of South America under their influence. On the other hand the Portuguese under the explorers Bartolmeu Dias and Pedra Alvares Cabral ventured around the the coast of Africa and rounded the Cape of Good Hope. It was the famous explorer Vasco da Gama followed by Alfonso de Albuquerque and Francisco de Almeida who first established Portuguese presence in Goa and Cochin. Besides India the Portuguese and Spanish brought parts of Indonesia, Philippines and Japan under their influence. Other major European naval powers in an Indian context are the British, French and Dutch.
7. Started in 1478 in mainland Spain, the Spanish Inquisition was imposed as an enquiry on Christians who had converted from Islam and Judaism reported to be going back to their former religious practices. As a result of this inquisition people fled to Portugal so Portugal started their own Inquisition in 1536. The key point to note with both these Inquisitions is that they were applied on Christians to ensure they were faithful to the faith that they officially professed.
8. St. Francis Xavier, besides working as a Christian missionary in Goa, also worked as a missionary in Indonesian islands of Maluku and Ternate, Japan and off-shore China. St. Francis Xavier was not an ordinary priest, but had the very important position of Apostolic Nuncio. Nuncio is an official representative of the Universal Catholic Church of Rome in a territory or country. St. Francis Xavier was at the position of an Ambassador in todays language in all these lands mentioned above. In his role as Nuncio, he wrote a number of letters to the Pope and monarchs of countries like Spain and Portugal in whole colonies he worked.

Now, let's look at the paragraph in the actual letter from St. Francis Xavier regarding the request for the Inquisition.

Date: 16th May, 1546

To: King John III of Portugal

The second necessity for the Christians is that your majesty establish the holy Inquisition because there are many who live according to the Jewish law and according to the Mohammedan law without any fear of God or shame of the world. And since there are many who are spread around the fortresses, there is a need of the holy Inquisition and of many preachers.

This is the only letter of St. Francis Xavier where the Inquisition was requested.

1. Firstly note that the focus of the letter is not any other religious group but the Christians "second necessity for the Christians". Ostensibly these were converts to Christianity based on point 2 below.
2. Secondly, the examples cited are of those Christians who are practising Jewish/Muslim law and way of life. Notice that nothing is mentioned about Brahmins or Hindus. Not directly and not even an indirect reference made using words like heathen/pagan.
3. The most astounding aspect of this letter is the place from where it was written. As mentioned already, St. Francis Xavier was a Spanish missionary working besides Goa in islands of Indonesia, Japan and off-shore China. The letter was written from the fort of Amboina (picture below) in the island Maluku of Indonesia. The word fortresses mentioned in this letter give us a clue of where it was written from. Therefore the letter was not written from any part of India but from an Indonesian island.
   
4. The word Indonesia means islands of India. This is how these Portuguese colonies were addressed during that period. But the only Portuguese colony in present day India is Goa and there is a huge distance between Goa and Amboina. One needs to travel from the Arabian Sea, thousands of kilometres across the Indian Ocean to reach this Maluku island of the Indonesian archipelago.
5. As mentioned in the first point in the Context section, Christianity is a missionary religion and has been so since the very beginning. In the very beginning of the book of Acts in chapter 2, the apostle Peter preaches and 3000 are added to the number of Christians. St. Paul made 4 missionary journeys the last which ended with his beheading in Rome. The missionary nature of Christianity is not a changing phenomenon based on historical and political situation. Rather it comes from one of the most important command of Jesus Christ, based on its location at the very end of the Gospel of Matthew and Mark. It is one of the last recorded command of Jesus in the Gospels.
6. For the first 300 years Christianity underwent severe persecution - worship was forbidden so Christians worshipped in tombs called catacombs and early Christians were crucified, burned, beheaded, thrown to lions and subjected to every conceivable torture and execution. There was no temporal benefit but every possible suffering and danger for those early Christians and the same is true even today. My ancestors faced severe persecution under Tipu Sultan the "tiger of Mysore", having their ears and nose cut off and marched hundreds of kilometres given a choice to apostatise and if they refused thrown down from a steep precipice to their deaths. More recently, several missionaries were killed in India instigated by right wing hindutva elements - Graham Staines and his 2 sons aged 10 and 6, Sister Rani Maria, several Christians in Kandhamal, Odisha; and just over a year ago Manipur Christians, who still are suffering totally ignored by the right wing government in the state and center.

Understanding these points it becomes clear the depth of lies and propaganda from the hindutva elements. There is nothing new about hatred of Christianity and propaganda against the Holy Catholic(Universal) Faith. The mockery of Jesus Christ and the Apostles at the ongoing Paris Olymipics in a disgusting Last Supper drag performance is just the latest in the long list. What is needed is a dispassionate objective investigation of the facts and true history in the face of those who work feverishly to rewrite a false version for the consumption of unassuming public.

Are all women better than their husbands?

Recently I heard a male preacher saying "all women are better than their husbands". A minute later the same preacher said "My wife is better than me in some areas" and "I'm better than my wife in some areas". This got me thinking about the this statement. As a Catholic, my mind immediately went to the Holy Family, where Mary was certainly better than St. Joseph because she was conceived immaculate in her mother's womb. Mary was without sin is considered the greatest of the human race. In support of his statement the preacher named 3 couples where he said this is true.

I then applied logic to this and the preachers logic seems to be that of all married couples he has encountered in every case the woman was better than her husband. This preacher has probably not encountered every couple alive today and even if he did, he couldn't have encountered couples in the past. Even in case of the couples alive today, it seems that the judgment criteria cannot be perfect because the judge is a human who has limitations. The fact that mankind has been continuously making scientific discoveries and our knowledge is improving over the years is a testament to the fact that we are not perfect.

Biologically, men and women's brains are different. The areas for violence and sex are larger in men's brains and in women's brains the chemicals that control these are more. Therefore in non-violence women are biologically better equipped than men. This seems to suggest that women are better at avoiding conflict and maintaining peace. But biology is not the only indicator of behaviour if it were then we would not be free to choose our actions. But we can act against our impulses. Someone who feels the urge to act violently can control, overcome and channel this impulse in a non-violent direction. If this was not possible, there would be no sin in violating the sixth commandment. Even outside Christianity most people agree in agency and role of the will. Because people have free will, they are responsible for their actions. Even determinists who believe in fate and/or predestination would have difficulty explaining why we have civil laws as guidelines of behaviour. The purpose of any kind of laws is to educate, inform and guide people to act in ways to keep the laws and avoid contravening them. This comes with the implict assumption that people have the capacity to overcome their undesirable impulses.

If the preacher's statement on the superiority of women implies that women are superior in every aspect, applicable to all couples alive today, we can think of a practical, empirical challenge to this assertion - world records. Most physical world records are held by men. In case of these world record holders for example, unless none of them are married, at least the man's wife is unlikely to be better than him in the world record category. Usain Bolt's would probably beat his wife at the 100 meter sprint. Eliud Kipchoge would likely lag behind him if they competed in a marathon together.

Circling back to the biological difference in the brain capacity for violence and sex, the Bible command to men to love their wives as Christ loved the Church calls men to channel their energy to battle their own passions and deny themselves as Christ denied himself. The ultimate call and test of manhood I believe is the readiness to sacrifice oneself. Along with tendency to violence comes the willingness to take risks. In every society, it is men who are expected to take risks to defend their family. Men perform tasks which involves serious risk of bodily harm and injury.

The Christian command challenges men to a sacrificial love which should lead us to break our bodies and shed our blood daily in love of our spouses and for our children. It's not how hard you hit, but how hard you can get and keep moving forward, says Rocky. The greatest man fought and defeated the greatest enemy - Satan.  Jesus Christ in doing this conquered mankind's greatest adversary and is the perfect example for us men. Following this example, the Apostles, martyrs and Saints gladly gave up their lives to show that this can be practically lived out by mortals.

We have discussed examples of couples where women are superior to men and found areas where men are better than their wives. We have looked at biological and empirical angles to this question. Overall it seems that among married couples, women are better than their husbands in some areas and men are better than their wives in others. So what is the takeaway from this?

"Men, love your wives" and "women, submit to your husbands" says the Bible. Today with the prevalence of Feminism especially in Western and Christian communities, the desire to reverse male violence can take us to the other extreme of mindlessly comparing and increasing the rift between men and women. I think we in Christendom need to be aware of the origins and effects of radical Feminism. Carrie Gress's book "The End of Woman: How smashing the patriarchy has destroyed us" talks about some of these but a fuller discussion in this article would be both premature and unjust, because I have not yet completed my reading of the book and there is so much to share on these points that I couldn't possibly do justice to it in this article.

For now, I like to conclude by saying that God who created both man and woman created us equal in dignity and partners and collaborators in building the family, the basic building block of society and the microcosmic church. Both men and women are created in the image and likeness of God and called to allow Him to perfect us through the grace of Sacramental marriage and help each other reach heaven, our destination. Not only the partners but also children entrusted to our care. As couples decisions should be made through discussion and dialogue between spouses. Each of the Biblical commands to men and women should be taken by the same sex and not thrust on the opposite sex.

Thinking with your heart

As a rational, analytical person, I tend to focus on the logical and rational. Professionally, this makes sense because as a programmer and solution architect, the proof of your solution is whether it works - whether it solves the problem. You have to objective enough considering the environment your solution is going to run under - whether it takes into consideration all dimensions of the problem and achieves its objective. In the realm of ideas and philosophies go, rational and logical consistency is one of the chief criteria to know whether something is true or helpful. Practically, though, we accept lots of ideas and philosophies based on the authority of those who told them to us. For example, as a father, I observe my children get their ideas from their parents and teachers.

While logic is good and helpful; even an intellectual, constantly thinking person tends to make slow and gradual progress in the advancement of ideas. In mapping our physical environment, I feel we need an orientation to prioritise which ideas are more important than others. Furthermore, as humans, we must be in touch with our own thoughts and desires. We need to orient our mind and will to the purification of our thoughts and desires. If we don't do this, we end up chasing one thing after another, we are constantly going in circles of useless pursuit. We are therefore, never really improving our peace of mind and our search for happiness is like a dog spinning in circles trying to grab its tail. This is why I think philosophy of life is crucial.

Modern society as I see it, suffers from a disordered philosophy of pursuing fleeting joys. Today medicine has advanced leaps and bounds over previous generations. Technology has enabled unprecedented quality of life in terms of making many previously difficult talks easier. Nevertheless, this century is known for depression. While these advancements should have improved our quality of life, statistics show that we are not much happier than our previous generations. This happens, in my opinion as a result of a philosophy of life that falls woefully short.

India has a long tradition of the guru or teacher. A person with wisdom whom people listen to with the hope to advance their life philosophy and hopefully help themselves live more fuller and happier lives. Today, we have no dearth of gurus and teachers, with their bands of followers. Self-proclaimed god-men among them, propound their teachings, through technology, reaching people near and far.

“Merely having an open mind is nothing. The object of opening the mind, as of opening the mouth, is to shut it again on something solid.” ― G. K. Chesterton.

A pearl of wisdom from a bygone era. With the plethora of religions, philosophies we have today from the past and present, there is a lot at stake and we need to apply critical thinking and reasoning to weigh ideas, thoughts and philosophies and decide and determine which we should buy into and which we should reject.

The title of this article, thinking with the heart, for me does not mean thinking with emotions. The classical ancient understanding of the heart is the core of the person. So thinking with the heart means thinking with the core of my being, not just my intellect. We want to look not just outward - our environment, the world around us, but also inward - our thoughts, desires, emotions and affections. Every great scientific theory, medical breakthrough and technological advancement has validating methodology and proving procedure to test and verify whether it works in the environment. In the same way, we need to have a proper framework to evaluate ideas so that they are validated both externally and internally, on our desires and emotions as well.

Take the relativisation of morality, religion, sexuality prevalent in our modern world. The media seems to suggest that our god is really ourselves. Each person can choose their own morality, religion and sexual orientation and preference. For the throngs of multitudes who have bought into this, there is a deception at work which makes the person blind to the danger and error of this philosophy.

Observe from a heart thinking standpoint ( core being thinking - not just emotional ), a person who is asked about the death penalty for instance. The question is really about justice and mercy. Logic states that if a person has murdered, then the death penalty is just. In the case of murder, violence and rape, the victim is another person. Still there can be outrage for a heinous crime and today despite being in the 21st century, mob mentality and violence still can take over. This is not heart thinking in my opinion. It is a disproportionately emotional response in heat of response to instigative speech. Mobs e.g in the Bollywood movie "Kai po che", based on the Gujarat riots, inflict mindless violence.

What about pleasure seeking taken to the extreme - destructive alcoholism, masturbation and addiction to pornography? If it does not affect another person, is it okay? As in the earlier stated case of emotional responses, people get a dopamine rush. Just like emotions can carry a person to do things they regret later, in the same way, addictions can cloud the intellect. We need to avoid taking hasty actions in the heat of the moment. Objectively, a person reduces themselves by indulging in these addictions. We become slaves of our passions and end up letting our animal instincts take over.

Finally, heart thinking involves understanding that we as humans are social - made to love and be loved. Look at all the popular songs and movies around the world. Whether in India or the Middle-East or Hollywood, love is celebrated. Here again we must understand that love is beyond emotion, though emotion is part of it. We can experience righteous anger - a correct emotional response to an objectively wrong action. But the emotion by itself doesn't make the response justified. Because we can end up like a wild horse which has no direction if we let emotions cloud our intellect and will.

Could it be that the universal acceptance of love in our cultures reflects the image in which we are created? As the moon reflects the rays of the sun, could we feel compelled to give and receive love because that desire comes from the source of Love?

Indeed, God is love and he who lives in love lives in God and God lives in him.

God made us in his image, in the image of love, He made us,

God took on flesh and became man, because God is Love,

God sacrificed himself for us, so that we could be free to love.

Besides being love, God is also truth. While God can be known through our minds and logic, looking inward, we know that parental love we receive is a reflection of a greater Love. Anyone who denies their inner nature, their thoughts and desires, is ignoring the internal data at their own peril. While bright Christian thinkers like Augustine, Aquinas, C.S Lewis have presented solid logical arguments for the existence of God, we know from internal data, that not all have equally sharp intellect. Would a God of intellectuals be as great as a God of all? I think not, and God is accessible to all people through multiple channels. Just like a blind man can listen to a movie and a deaf man can watch the visuals with subtitles, God is accessible to both the mind, intellect and interior senses like faith and emotions. While the mind can and does help us know truth, we must not dismiss religion just because it speaks to people through non-intellectual channels as well. Faith is not a lesser channel to know truth because it is non-rational. Let us be wholesome people growing our minds and hearts. The future of humanity depends on it.